What Does a Cavity (Tooth Decay or Dental Caries) Look Like?

What Is a Cavity? 

A cavity is a common dental problem caused by tooth decay. It develops when bacteria from food and drinks produce acids that gradually erode the enamel, the protective outer layer of your teeth. This allows bacteria to access the softer, more vulnerable dentin layer underneath and eventually causes a hole (or cavity) in your tooth. 

If untreated, tooth decay can reach the pulp—the deepest part of the tooth that holds nerves and blood vessels—potentially causing severe pain, swelling, abscesses, or even tooth loss. That’s why early detection and treatment are crucial. 

Cavity Causes 

Several factors can lead to tooth decay and eventually cause cavities, including: 

• Improper oral hygiene 

• Consuming sugary or acidic foods and beverages 

• Dry mouth 

• Genetics 

• Age 

What Does a Cavity Look Like (By Stage)? 

The stage of tooth decay and the cavity’s location will affect its appearance. Some cavities are easily recognizable, while others may only be noticeable on a dental X-ray. 

Here are the different signs you might notice at each stage of tooth decay. 

1) Demineralization 

Early signs of tooth decay often appear as small, white spots on a tooth’s surface. These spots may look chalky, especially when your mouth is dry. This stage of decay is called demineralization, meaning that the minerals in your enamel are starting to lose some of their chemical composition due to exposure to acid and weakens the enamel. 

2) Enamel Erosion 

As the cavity progresses, the white spot will further discolor. You might see a yellow or brown spot. If you feel the area with your tongue, you may notice a small pit or depression. 

At this point, your enamel has begun to lose strength and structure due to erosion. If left untreated, a cavity can continue to grow and eventually break through your enamel and expose the dentin, the layer beneath it. 

3) Dentin Decay 

Until now, you may not have experienced any discomfort or the toothache that commonly indicates dental decay. However, you may feel sensitivity and pain as the cavity reaches your dentin (the softer, more porous layer beneath the enamel). 

At this stage, the cavity is a visible hole in your tooth. You may notice the spot darkening and turning black. 

4) Pulp Damage 

As the decay penetrates deeper, it will eventually reach the pulp, the part of your tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. At this stage, you may experience severe pain and swelling. 

Cavities that affect the pulp look dark and large. You may even be able to stick the tip of your tongue into the hole. 

In addition to the hole, you may notice sensitivity to extreme temperatures (such as when drinking hot coffee or eating an ice cream cone). Sudden jolts of pain that come and go are also common. 

5) Formation Of an Abscess 

The pulp connects to the root of your tooth. Once the decay progresses to this point, it can cause an infection. As bacteria spreads, it can form a pocket or abscess within the tooth or surrounding gum tissue. 

 An untreated dental abscess can cause severe pain, swelling, and fever. If left untreated, it can cause further complications, such as bone loss around the affected tooth or an infection that gets into your bloodstream and spreads to other body parts.  Here are some warning signs of an abscess:  

• Swelling around the affected tooth or along your jawline 

• Redness and tenderness in the gums 

• A small, raised bump on your gum near the affected tooth 

• Throbbing pain 

• A foul taste in your mouth (from the pus draining) 

 If you notice any of these symptoms, seek immediate help from your dentist. 

Cavity Treatment Options

Now that you know how cavities look, let’s discuss how to treat them. 

Filling 

The most common treatment for small and moderate cavities is called a filling. 

When treating a cavity, the dentist will first remove the decayed portion of the tooth. The resulting space is then filled with amalgam (a mix of metals) or composite resin (a tooth-colored plastic and glass mixture). This process helps prevent further decay and strengthens the tooth. 

Crown 

For larger cavities, a crown may be necessary. A crown is a custom-fitted covering that encases the entire tooth, providing added strength and protection. 

Root Canal 

If the decay reaches the tooth’s pulp, your dentist may recommend a root canal to remove the infection and preserve the tooth. 

Tooth Extraction 

The final option for severe cavities is tooth extraction. This is a last resort that your dentist will use if the tooth is too damaged to save. 

An extraction completely removes the infected tooth. Your dental professional may discuss replacement options like a bridge or implant. 

Cavity Prevention 

While cavities are common, they’re also highly preventable. Here are some tips for keeping your teeth healthy and minimizing decay: 

• Brush with an electric toothbrush to remove 100% more plaque than a manual toothbrush. 

• Choose a dentist-recommended toothpaste with stannous fluoride to help remineralize your enamel and protect against cavities. 

• Floss daily to remove plaque and food stuck between your teeth. 

• Visit your dentist for regular cleanings and routine check-ups to catch potential issues early. 

Keep Your Mouth Clean with Oral-B 

What does a cavity look like? It can vary in appearance from a small white spot to a large hole in your tooth. Regardless of visible signs, it’s vital to address cavities as soon as possible to prevent further tooth decay. 

To maximize your daily oral hygiene, try the Oral-B iO Electric Toothbrush Series. These powerful toothbrushes feature Oscillating Rotating Technology and iO Magnetic drive, micro-vibrating bristles, and dentist-inspired round brush heads for a personalized and professional clean feeling at home every time you brush your teeth.

Sources 

• https://medlineplus.gov/toothdecay.html 

• https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/dental-amalgam-fillings/treatment-options-dental-caries

• https://www.veteranshealthlibrary.va.gov/Encyclopedia/3,84673